Which Act is considered the primary legislation governing cyber law in India? a) Indian Penal Code, 1860 b) Information Technology Act, 2000 c) Copyright Act, 1957 d) The Telegraph Act, 1885 Answer: b)
The Information Technology Act, 2000 came into force primarily to address issues related to: a) Physical theft and burglary b) Cyber crimes and electronic commerce c) Industrial disputes d) Environmental regulations Answer: b)
Which section of the IT Act, 2000 deals with the legal recognition of electronic records? a) Section 43A b) Section 4 c) Section 3 d) Section 5 Answer: b)
Digital signatures in India are primarily regulated under which section of the IT Act? a) Section 3 b) Section 5 c) Section 12 d) Section 14 Answer: a) (Note: The legal recognition and use of digital signatures are provided under Section 3 of the IT Act, 2000.)
Which of the following best describes “cyber law”? a) Laws that only deal with internet-related disputes b) The body of law that governs online activities including electronic commerce, cyber crimes, and intellectual property on the internet c) Laws regulating traditional mail and telecommunications d) Laws governing physical computer hardware Answer: b)
The term “electronic signature” under the IT Act refers to: a) Any signature that is scanned and emailed b) An electronic method of signing a document that ensures authenticity and integrity c) A handwritten signature digitized by a scanner d) A biometric mark on paper Answer: b)
Which of the following is a major objective of cyber law? a) To increase penalties for all offenses b) To provide a legal framework for electronic governance and transactions c) To regulate all forms of media d) To control international trade exclusively Answer: b)
Cyber law issues can be broadly categorized under which of the following? a) Civil, criminal, and regulatory aspects b) Only civil aspects c) Only criminal aspects d) Only regulatory aspects Answer: a)
Under the IT Act, which section deals with “tampering with computer source documents”? a) Section 66 b) Section 69 c) Section 65 d) Section 67 Answer: c)
Which one of the following best explains “electronic governance” (e-governance)? a) The use of online systems to manage government records and services b) Traditional manual filing systems c) A system used only for internal government communications d) Governance via physical mail only Answer: a)
11–25: Digital Signatures, Authentication & Electronic Evidence
A digital signature is primarily used to ensure: a) The speed of data transmission b) The authenticity and integrity of electronic records c) The encryption of data d) The formatting of electronic documents Answer: b)
Under the IT Act, digital certificates are issued by: a) Licensing authorities b) Certifying Authorities (CAs) c) Police authorities d) The Ministry of Commerce Answer: b)
Which term is used to refer to data that is admissible as evidence in a court of law under the IT Act? a) Electronic evidence b) Digital evidence c) Paper evidence d) Verbal evidence Answer: a)
For electronic records to be admissible in court, they must satisfy the requirements of: a) The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 b) The Indian Contract Act, 1872 c) The Criminal Procedure Code d) The Banking Regulations Act Answer: a)
Which section of the IT Act provides the framework for the secure electronic record-keeping? a) Section 4 b) Section 5 c) Section 8 d) Section 10 Answer: a)
Electronic contracts are recognized under the IT Act provided they meet which basic criteria? a) They must be printed and physically signed b) They must satisfy the requirements of offer, acceptance, and consideration c) They must be registered with the government d) They must be notarized Answer: b)
What is the main purpose of the Amendments introduced to the IT Act in 2008? a) To limit the scope of the law b) To strengthen provisions related to cyber crimes and data protection c) To reduce penalties for cyber offenses d) To eliminate all liabilities of intermediaries Answer: b)
Which of the following is NOT considered as “electronic evidence”? a) Emails b) Text messages c) Oral testimonies recorded on tape d) Paper contracts Answer: d)
For an electronic signature to be considered secure, it must be: a) Easily reproducible b) Unique to the signatory and linked to the electronic record c) Affixed with a sticker d) Visible in the document Answer: b)
What is the significance of “secure electronic records” as mentioned in the IT Act? a) They guarantee that records cannot be tampered with b) They ensure that records are maintained in paper form c) They require physical storage devices only d) They refer to records maintained only by the government Answer: a)
Which concept is vital for establishing the integrity of electronic evidence? a) Encryption b) Compression c) Digital watermarking d) Secure hashing Answer: d)
The legal recognition of electronic signatures in India ensures that: a) They have no legal value b) They are equivalent to handwritten signatures c) They can only be used for internal documents d) They are optional in commercial transactions Answer: b)
Under the IT Act, what does “authentication” refer to? a) The process of printing a document b) The verification of the origin and integrity of an electronic record c) The process of filing a complaint d) The encryption of a website Answer: b)
Which technology is commonly used to create a digital signature? a) Symmetric encryption b) Asymmetric encryption c) Steganography d) Data mining Answer: b)
What is the purpose of a digital certificate? a) To provide a unique identification of a website b) To bind a public key with an identity and certify the authenticity c) To store encrypted data d) To regulate internet service providers Answer: b)
26–40: Cyber Crimes & Liability Issues
Cyber crime under the IT Act broadly refers to: a) Only acts committed against government websites b) Any criminal activity involving a computer, network, or data c) Physical theft of computer hardware d) Only financial fraud Answer: b)
Which section of the IT Act specifically deals with “hacking” and related offenses? a) Section 66 b) Section 67 c) Section 68 d) Section 69 Answer: a)
Under the IT Act, what is the offense of “identity theft” related to? a) Theft of physical identity documents b) Unauthorized access and misuse of someone’s personal data c) Counterfeiting currency d) None of the above Answer: b)
Phishing can be best described as: a) A technique to harvest personal information by masquerading as a trustworthy entity b) A method for encrypting data c) A legal means of data collection d) A tool used by cyber police Answer: a)
Which section of the IT Act deals with the punishment for publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form? a) Section 67 b) Section 66A c) Section 68 d) Section 69 Answer: a)
The offense of “cyber terrorism” typically involves: a) Physical bombing b) Use of computer networks to create fear or cause disruption c) Legal protest d) None of the above Answer: b)
In the context of cyber law, “defamation” in the electronic medium is governed by: a) Only the IT Act, 2000 b) Both the IT Act, 2000 and the Indian Penal Code c) Only the Indian Penal Code d) Neither of these Answer: b)
The liability of intermediaries (like ISPs) under the IT Act is mainly discussed under which section? a) Section 79 b) Section 80 c) Section 81 d) Section 82 Answer: a)
What is “spamming” in cyber law terms? a) Unauthorized access to a computer system b) The sending of unsolicited bulk electronic messages c) The interception of data d) Cyber stalking Answer: b)
Which of the following is a cyber crime involving the unauthorized downloading of copyrighted material? a) Cyber squatting b) Digital piracy c) Cyber bullying d) E-fraud Answer: b)
Under the IT Act, who can be held responsible for a cyber crime committed by an employee using the company’s computer system? a) Only the employee b) Only the company c) Both the employee and the company, under the concept of vicarious liability d) Neither Answer: c)
Which of the following acts is specifically considered a cyber crime under Indian law? a) Unauthorized modification of computer source code b) Filing of a petition online c) Sending a marketing email with consent d) Posting a comment on a blog Answer: a)
“Data breach” generally refers to: a) An increase in internet speed b) The unauthorized access to or disclosure of personal or sensitive data c) A government announcement d) The lawful sharing of information Answer: b)
In cases of cyber fraud, which of the following is essential for establishing criminal liability? a) Proof of physical damage only b) Intent to deceive and defraud c) The age of the accused d) The time of the offense Answer: b)
What is the legal term used for the online impersonation of another person or entity? a) Phishing b) Spoofing c) Spamming d) Sniffing Answer: b)
Jurisdiction in cyber law cases is often complex because: a) Cyber crimes are only local in nature b) Electronic data can be transmitted across national boundaries c) There are no defined laws d) Cyber crimes do not involve any real harm Answer: b)
Which principle is important in determining jurisdiction in cross-border cyber crime cases? a) Lex loci celebrationis b) Lex fori c) The principle of territoriality d) The principle of nationality Answer: c)
Under the IT Act, intermediaries enjoy certain “safe harbour” provisions provided they: a) Are completely ignorant of the content b) Act promptly to remove or disable access to infringing material upon notification c) Share revenue with the government d) Monitor every message personally Answer: b)
Which of the following best describes “cyber squatting”? a) Registering, selling, or using a domain name with bad faith intent to profit from the goodwill of someone else’s trademark b) Hacking into a government website c) Unauthorized downloading of software d) Spamming through email Answer: a)
What legal challenge is often encountered in cross-border cyber law disputes? a) Uniform application of local laws b) Conflicts of laws and issues of extraterritoriality c) Lack of evidence d) Too many physical witnesses Answer: b)
Which term refers to the process where a national law applies to an offense committed partially outside the country? a) Universal jurisdiction b) Territorial jurisdiction c) Extraterritorial jurisdiction d) Concurrent jurisdiction Answer: c)
The “safe harbour” provisions for intermediaries under the IT Act primarily protect them from: a) Civil liability only b) Criminal liability, subject to conditions c) Both civil and criminal liability d) Any form of liability Answer: b)
What is the role of a “certifying authority” in the context of the IT Act? a) To regulate cyber cafes b) To issue digital certificates that authenticate electronic signatures c) To track cyber criminals d) To enforce penalties Answer: b)
When an online service provider receives a complaint regarding defamatory content posted by a user, their first responsibility is to: a) Ignore the complaint b) Immediately block or remove the content upon receiving proper notice c) Report the user to the police before taking any action d) Charge the user a fee Answer: b)
Under the IT Act, what does “due diligence” mean for intermediaries? a) Monitoring every single piece of content in real time b) Exercising reasonable care to prevent the transmission of unlawful content c) Taking no action until ordered by a court d) Automatically deleting all user-generated content Answer: b)
Which international challenge does cyber law often face? a) Different legal systems and the absence of a global governing body b) Too many identical laws c) Uniform standards worldwide d) A lack of internet users Answer: a)
Intermediaries are typically not held liable for user content if they comply with: a) National security guidelines b) The “notice and takedown” procedures c) Local advertising laws d) Financial regulations Answer: b)
Which of the following best describes “data localization” in the context of cyber law? a) The requirement that data be stored only in local languages b) The requirement that data about a country’s citizens be stored within its borders c) The deletion of old data d) The encryption of data during transmission Answer: b)
The concept of “forum shopping” in cyber law refers to: a) Choosing the best online shopping forum b) Selecting the most favorable jurisdiction for filing a lawsuit c) Searching for a specific type of online evidence d) None of the above Answer: b)
Which of the following is a challenge for law enforcement agencies in cyber crime investigations? a) Overabundance of physical evidence b) Rapid evolution of technology and the borderless nature of the internet c) Too many local witnesses d) Limited digital data Answer: b)
In the context of cyberspace, “cyber piracy” refers to: a) Illegal copying and distribution of digital content b) Unauthorized access to government data c) Cyber bullying d) Identity theft Answer: a)
Which of the following laws primarily deals with copyright issues related to online content? a) Information Technology Act, 2000 b) Indian Copyright Act, 1957 c) Indian Contract Act, 1872 d) Indian Penal Code, 1860 Answer: b)
Domain name disputes in cyberspace are often resolved by: a) The local police station b) Specialized arbitration bodies and UDRP (Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy) c) The Ministry of Culture d) Courts exclusively in the country of registration Answer: b)
Which of the following best defines “cyber defamation”? a) Defamation carried out in the physical world b) Defamation through electronic media, such as websites, social media, and emails c) A harmless online comment d) A legal opinion published on a blog Answer: b)
What is “invasion of privacy” in the context of cyber law? a) Accessing public records b) Unauthorized intrusion into an individual’s personal data or private life c) Sharing news online d) Conducting legal surveillance Answer: b)
Which legislation, apart from the IT Act, provides some protection for personal data in India? a) The Indian Evidence Act b) The Right to Privacy as derived from the Indian Constitution c) The Indian Contract Act d) The Companies Act Answer: b)
“Consent” in the context of data collection online means that the user has: a) Unknowingly provided personal data b) Freely given permission after being informed of the data use c) Not given any permission d) Signed a physical contract only Answer: b)
Which of the following is a common risk associated with cyber law violations related to privacy? a) Increased government surveillance with no consequences b) Identity theft and financial loss c) Enhanced user experience d) Legal immunity for data collectors Answer: b)
The “Right to be Forgotten” is related to which aspect of cyber law? a) Cyber security b) Data protection and privacy c) Intellectual property d) Digital signatures Answer: b)
Which of the following is a preventive measure against unauthorized data breaches? a) Regular password changes and encryption b) Public sharing of passwords c) Avoiding any form of digital security d) Using the same password everywhere Answer: a)
Cyber law issues related to intellectual property primarily deal with: a) Physical theft of copyrighted material b) Unauthorized reproduction and distribution of digital content c) Trademark registration only d) Land disputes Answer: b)
Which international body is often referenced in the context of resolving intellectual property disputes online? a) World Trade Organization (WTO) b) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) c) International Labour Organization (ILO) d) World Health Organization (WHO) Answer: a)
Under cyber law, “content liability” refers to the legal responsibility for: a) The technical infrastructure of a website b) The content posted by users on an online platform c) The speed of the website d) The hosting service fees Answer: b)
In cases of unauthorized reproduction of software, the owner can claim: a) Only criminal charges b) Only civil damages c) Both criminal and civil remedies d) No legal remedy Answer: c)
“Cyber bullying” typically involves: a) Harassing behavior conducted via digital platforms b) Legitimate business communications c) Technical support issues d) Authorized online forums Answer: a)
71–85: Electronic Commerce, Contracts & Data Protection
Electronic contracts are legally valid in India provided that: a) They are made in a handwritten form b) They satisfy the basic essentials of a valid contract under the Indian Contract Act, 1872 c) They are approved by a notary d) They are printed on special paper Answer: b)
In the context of e-commerce, “clickwrap” agreements refer to: a) Agreements that require a physical signature b) Online agreements where the user indicates consent by clicking an “I agree” button c) Verbal agreements recorded on video d) Agreements sent via postal mail Answer: b)
Which of the following best describes “data protection” in cyber law? a) The act of compressing data b) Measures and policies to secure personal and sensitive information against unauthorized access c) The sale of user data d) Encryption of public information only Answer: b)
Under the IT Act, companies are expected to implement “reasonable security practices” to protect data. This term implies: a) A one-size-fits-all approach to security b) Measures commensurate with the sensitivity of the data and the risk involved c) Ignoring minor breaches d) Outsourcing all security functions Answer: b)
The term “cyber resilience” refers to: a) The ability of a system to operate without any updates b) The capacity of an organization to prepare for, respond to, and recover from cyber attacks c) The process of data mining d) A temporary slowdown of online services Answer: b)
What is a “cookie” in the context of electronic commerce? a) A type of malware b) A small piece of data stored on a user’s computer to enhance website functionality c) A form of digital signature d) A secure encryption method Answer: b)
Which of the following is a critical element in the formation of an electronic contract? a) Physical meeting of the parties b) Mutual assent through offer and acceptance c) Handwritten documentation d) Government approval Answer: b)
Which international convention influences data protection laws globally? a) The Berne Convention b) The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the EU c) The Vienna Convention d) The Montreal Protocol Answer: b)
In cyber law, “access control” measures are used to: a) Increase website traffic b) Restrict unauthorized users from accessing sensitive information c) Monitor website analytics d) Enhance graphic designs Answer: b)
Which of the following is an example of “non-repudiation” in electronic transactions? a) The ability of a sender to deny having sent a message b) The inability of a sender to deny the authenticity of their electronic communication c) The process of data encryption d) The use of firewalls Answer: b)
Electronic records maintained for business transactions must be kept for a minimum period as specified by: a) The IT Act, 2000 b) The Income Tax Act c) The Companies Act d) Various regulatory guidelines, often sector-specific Answer: d)
“Biometric authentication” in electronic systems refers to: a) Using passwords only b) Using unique biological traits, such as fingerprints or iris scans, to verify identity c) The process of data compression d) Handwritten signatures scanned into a computer Answer: b)
Which of the following is considered a safe practice for protecting user data online? a) Storing passwords in plain text b) Using two-factor authentication c) Sharing login details with third parties d) Avoiding software updates Answer: b)
The concept of “e-discovery” is related to: a) The electronic discovery of new internet domains b) The process of identifying, collecting, and producing electronically stored information (ESI) as evidence in legal cases c) Online shopping deals d) Electronic signatures only Answer: b)
Which of the following best encapsulates the essence of “cyber hygiene”? a) Regular cleaning of computer hardware b) Routine practices and precautions to ensure the security and integrity of digital devices and data c) The removal of malware only d) Installing multiple antivirus programs concurrently Answer: b)
86–100: Emerging Issues & Case Law Insights
An emerging issue in cyber law today is the regulation of: a) Traditional mail b) Social media platforms and user-generated content c) Landline telephones d) Printed newspapers Answer: b)
“Ransomware” is best defined as: a) A form of cyber crime involving the encryption of a user’s data and demanding payment for its release b) A type of spam email c) A method of online advertisement d) A secure backup process Answer: a)
Which of the following best describes “cloud computing” in relation to cyber law? a) A method of weather forecasting b) The delivery of computing services over the internet which raises issues of data jurisdiction and security c) A traditional IT setup d) A physical storage method Answer: b)
The legal challenges surrounding “big data” primarily involve: a) The speed of data processing b) Issues of privacy, data protection, and potential misuse of personal information c) The physical size of data centers d) The color coding of data files Answer: b)
Which of the following represents a key challenge in prosecuting cyber crimes? a) Overabundance of physical evidence b) Anonymity and the transnational nature of cyber offenses c) A clear chain of custody in all cases d) The presence of too many eyewitnesses Answer: b)
“Botnets” are networks of: a) Legitimate users working together b) Compromised computers controlled remotely to conduct cyber attacks c) Firewalls d) Trusted servers Answer: b)
Which of the following is an example of extrajudicial regulation affecting cyberspace? a) Government-imposed content filtering and blocking b) Private website hosting c) Standard commercial contracts d) Offline dispute resolution Answer: a)
In cyber law case precedents, the concept of “notice and takedown” is often invoked to address: a) Offline defamation b) Removal of infringing or harmful online content upon proper notification c) Intellectual property registration d) Hardware maintenance Answer: b)
Cyber law scholars emphasize the need for: a) Complete deregulation of the internet b) International cooperation to tackle cyber crimes effectively c) National isolation of digital networks d) Reducing penalties for cyber offenses Answer: b)
One of the challenges posed by emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence in cyber law is: a) Their complete unpredictability b) Determining liability when AI systems cause harm or infringement c) Their inability to communicate d) Their reliance on paper records Answer: b)
Under current cyber law principles, a service provider’s “safe harbour” protection is typically lost if: a) They timely remove infringing content upon notice b) They have actual knowledge of illegal content and fail to act c) They operate outside India d) They use secure encryption methods Answer: b)
Which of the following is a key international challenge for cyber law harmonization? a) Uniform internet speeds b) Divergent national laws and standards regarding data privacy and security c) Identical legal systems worldwide d) Absence of cyber criminals in some countries Answer: b)
In recent case law, courts have held that the balance between free speech and protection from cyber defamation must be maintained by: a) Banning all online content b) Ensuring that restrictions are proportionate and necessary c) Allowing unrestricted speech d) Eliminating all liabilities for online intermediaries Answer: b)
The debate around “end-to-end encryption” in cyber law revolves around: a) The speed of encryption algorithms b) Balancing user privacy with law enforcement needs c) The cost of encryption software d) Its usage exclusively in e-commerce Answer: b)
Looking ahead, one of the anticipated trends in cyber law is: a) A decline in cyber crimes b) More robust international legal frameworks and cooperation to address cross-border cyber threats c) A return to paper-based transactions d) Complete deregulation of digital communications Answer: b)
