Under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, which of the following is a prerequisite for a valid Hindu marriage? a) The bride must be at least 18 years old b) The groom must be at least 21 years old c) Both parties must not be within the prohibited degrees of relationship d) All of the above Answer: d)
Which of the following is NOT a ground for annulment of a marriage under the Special Marriage Act, 1954? a) Fraud b) Lack of capacity to consent c) Mutual consent d) Underage marriage Answer: c)
In a Hindu marriage, the term “Sapinda relationship” refers to: a) The financial capacity of the families b) Prohibited degrees of kinship c) Social compatibility d) Ritual practices Answer: b)
Under Muslim personal law, a nikah is valid when: a) It is solemnized by a registered marriage officer b) There is a proposal, acceptance, and payment of mahr c) It is witnessed by at least three persons d) It is registered with the government Answer: b)
Which statute governs inter-religious marriages for Indians? a) The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 b) The Special Marriage Act, 1954 c) The Indian Divorce Act, 1869 d) The Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936 Answer: b)
2. Divorce and Judicial Separation
Under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, one of the grounds for divorce is: a) Mutual consent only b) Cruelty c) Age difference d) Dowry demands Answer: b)
Which of the following is true regarding judicial separation? a) It ends the marriage permanently b) It is equivalent to divorce c) It allows spouses to live apart without dissolving the marriage d) It can only be granted after a 10-year separation period Answer: c)
Under the Special Marriage Act, 1954, divorce can be obtained on the ground of mutual consent after: a) 1 year of separation b) 2 years of separation c) 3 years of separation d) 5 years of separation Answer: b)
In Muslim personal law, which of the following types of divorce is initiated by the husband? a) Talaq b) Khula c) Mubarat d) Faskh Answer: a)
The concept of “irretrievable breakdown of marriage” is most commonly recognized in: a) Hindu personal law b) Special Marriage Act c) Indian Divorce Act d) Parsi personal law Answer: b)
3. Maintenance and Alimony
Under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), maintenance is a right for: a) Only wives b) Only minor children c) Wives, children, and parents who cannot support themselves d) Only parents Answer: c)
Which of the following factors is NOT considered when determining the quantum of maintenance? a) Income of the spouse b) Standard of living during the marriage c) Age of the spouse seeking maintenance d) The amount of dowry given Answer: d)
In Hindu law, maintenance for a divorced wife is usually awarded for: a) A period of 3 years b) Lifetime, if she is unable to support herself c) Until remarriage d) Only for minor children Answer: b)
Under Muslim law, a divorced wife may receive maintenance during the period of ‘iddat’. The length of ‘iddat’ is generally: a) 1 month b) 3 months c) 3 months, or until the delivery of a child d) 6 months Answer: c)
The Supreme Court of India in maintenance cases generally emphasizes the need for: a) Immediate separation b) Financial independence c) Equitable distribution of assets d) A fair assessment of the financial status of both parties Answer: d)
4. Child Custody and Guardianship
In the context of family law, “custody” refers to: a) Ownership of property b) The right to exercise parental responsibility c) The right to remarry d) Financial support obligations Answer: b)
In a divorce case, the primary consideration in awarding child custody is: a) The financial status of the parent b) The best interest of the child c) The age difference between the parents d) The marital status of the parent Answer: b)
Which law governs matters of custody in cases involving Hindus? a) The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 b) The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 c) The Special Marriage Act, 1954 d) The Juvenile Justice Act Answer: b)
In custody disputes, courts may appoint a guardian ad litem. The role of a guardian ad litem is to: a) Represent the legal rights of the state b) Act as an independent guardian for the child’s interests c) Manage the child’s property d) Serve as a mediator between parents Answer: b)
When awarding custody, the court may consider which of the following factors? a) The child’s preference, if of sufficient age b) The educational background of the parent c) The parent’s social status d) Both a) and b) Answer: d)
5. Adoption
Which of the following acts governs the adoption process for Hindus? a) The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 b) The Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956 c) The Special Marriage Act, 1954 d) The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 Answer: b)
In an adoption proceeding under Hindu law, the adoptive parents must: a) Be of the same religion as the child b) Have a biological relation with the child c) Not have any children of their own d) Obtain the consent of the biological parents or guardian Answer: d)
The term “de facto parent” in adoption law refers to: a) A legal parent appointed by the court b) A person who has been living with and caring for a child but is not the biological parent c) A biological parent who has abandoned the child d) An adoptive parent without full legal rights Answer: b)
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a valid adoption under the Juvenile Justice Act? a) The child must be below 18 years b) The adoptive parents must meet financial criteria c) The consent of the child is always mandatory d) The process is subject to scrutiny by a competent authority Answer: c)
Adoption under the Special Marriage Act requires that the adoptive parents: a) Be Indian citizens b) Obtain a court order after due diligence c) Be related by blood d) Not be of the same religion Answer: b)
6. Inheritance and Succession
Under the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, which of the following persons is entitled to a share in the property of a female Hindu dying intestate? a) Only her sons b) Her husband, sons, daughters, and other legal heirs c) Only her daughters d) Only her husband Answer: b)
Which of the following is true regarding intestate succession among Muslims? a) It is governed by codified legislation b) It is based on personal laws derived from religious texts c) There is no provision for daughters d) Only male heirs are considered Answer: b)
In a Christian inheritance case under the Indian Succession Act, 1925, which of the following is given priority? a) The wife b) The children c) The deceased’s parents d) All legal heirs equally Answer: d)
Which term describes the right of a widow to reside in her matrimonial home? a) Dower b) Maintenance c) Residuary interest d) Curtesy Answer: d)
Under the Special Marriage Act, 1954, the property relations between spouses are governed by: a) Community property rules b) The matrimonial home rules c) The terms of the marriage contract d) Statutory inheritance laws Answer: c)
7. Parsi Family Law
Under the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936, which of the following is a mandatory requirement for a valid Parsi marriage? a) Registration with the municipal authority b) Solemnization by a Parsi priest c) No interfaith marriage d) Consent of both parties Answer: d)
A decree of divorce under the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936, can be granted on the grounds of: a) Cruelty b) Adultery c) Desertion for a continuous period of two years d) Mutual consent Answer: c)
Under Parsi law, maintenance for a divorced wife is typically awarded: a) For a fixed term of five years b) On the basis of her needs and the husband’s capacity c) Only if there are minor children d) Not awarded at all Answer: b)
The Parsi legal system for matters of family law is characterized by: a) Strict adherence to codified statutes b) A blend of statutory provisions and customary practices c) Reliance on international family law norms d) Uniform application across all communities Answer: b)
In matters of succession among Parsis, the distribution of property is primarily based on: a) Testamentary freedom b) The Parsi Succession Act, 1925 c) The principle of primogeniture d) Customary practices Answer: d)
8. Intercultural and Interfaith Marriage Issues
The Special Marriage Act, 1954 is particularly useful for couples who: a) Belong to the same religion b) Desire a marriage without religious ceremonies c) Wish to register a marriage that is recognized internationally d) Are both over 30 years of age Answer: b)
Under the Special Marriage Act, 1954, the notice of intended marriage must be published for a period of: a) 7 days b) 15 days c) 30 days d) 60 days Answer: b)
In cases of interfaith marriages under the Special Marriage Act, the couple is required to: a) Convert to a common religion b) Comply with the secular procedures laid down by the Act c) Undergo counseling sessions d) Renounce all claims on ancestral property Answer: b)
Which of the following is an advantage of marrying under the Special Marriage Act? a) The avoidance of customary religious ceremonies b) Automatic eligibility for government subsidies c) Enhanced property rights d) Immediate divorce rights Answer: a)
The validity of a marriage solemnized under the Special Marriage Act is not affected by: a) A subsequent conversion to another religion b) A failure to register the marriage c) Non-compliance with notice requirements d) Disagreement between the families Answer: a)
9. Domestic Violence and Protection Orders
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 provides: a) Only criminal remedies b) Civil remedies, including protection orders and residence orders c) Remedies only for married women d) Remedies exclusively for property disputes Answer: b)
Under the Domestic Violence Act, who can file a petition for protection? a) Only the victim herself b) The victim or any person on her behalf c) Only a legal guardian d) Only the police Answer: b)
Which of the following is NOT covered under the Domestic Violence Act, 2005? a) Physical abuse b) Emotional or verbal abuse c) Financial control d) Disputes over inheritance Answer: d)
A protection order under the Domestic Violence Act may include provisions to: a) Exclude the abuser from the victim’s residence b) Grant custody of children c) Immediately dissolve the marriage d) Limit communication with third parties Answer: a)
The effectiveness of a domestic violence protection order is ensured by: a) Its registration in the local court records b) Its enforceability as a civil order c) Its periodic review by law enforcement d) Its ability to modify family property rights Answer: b)
10. Property Rights and Matrimonial Assets
In the context of matrimonial property, “joint family property” under Hindu law is: a) Solely owned by the husband b) Owned by all members of the family by birth c) Divided equally among all children d) Managed by the eldest member only Answer: b)
In a divorce, the court may order the division of matrimonial assets based on: a) The contributions of both parties during the marriage b) The age of the parties c) The duration of the marriage only d) The educational qualifications of the parties Answer: a)
Which of the following is a principle governing the division of assets under Indian family law? a) Community property regime b) Equitable distribution based on contribution and need c) Absolute ownership by the male spouse d) Automatic equal division regardless of circumstances Answer: b)
In matrimonial disputes involving property, the court may consider the concept of “contribution in kind”. This refers to: a) Financial investments only b) Non-monetary contributions such as homemaking and childcare c) Contributions made by extended family members d) Only assets acquired before the marriage Answer: b)
Which of the following best describes “partition” in the context of joint family property? a) A legal process to dissolve a marriage b) A judicial decree to physically divide the property among co-owners c) A method to transfer ownership to a single family member d) A process to assign guardianship over property Answer: b)
In adoption proceedings under the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956, a child above what age may be considered for adoption? a) 3 years b) 5 years c) 10 years d) 12 years Answer: b)
Which of the following best explains the doctrine of “best interest of the child” in custody cases? a) The child’s wish is the sole determining factor b) The overall welfare, safety, and development of the child is the paramount consideration c) The parent’s financial stability d) The family’s social status Answer: b)
Under the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, a minor’s welfare is determined by: a) The natural guardian’s claim only b) The court’s assessment of the minor’s best interests c) A fixed statutory formula d) The recommendations of extended family members Answer: b)
In cases where the natural parents are found unfit, the court may appoint a guardian. The legal framework for this is provided by: a) The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act b) The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 c) The Juvenile Justice Act d) The Special Marriage Act Answer: b)
A “custody evaluation” in family law cases typically involves: a) A financial audit of the parents b) A comprehensive assessment by a mental health professional regarding the child’s needs c) An evaluation of the property owned by the family d) A legal assessment of marital misconduct Answer: b)
12. Divorce – Nuances and Procedural Aspects
In divorce proceedings, “locus delicti” refers to: a) The place where the marriage was solemnized b) The place where the alleged matrimonial misconduct occurred c) The domicile of the petitioner d) The location of the family court Answer: b)
Which of the following is a mandatory requirement before filing for divorce under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955? a) Completion of a mandatory mediation process b) A minimum period of separation c) Submission of a written agreement on child custody d) Approval from both sets of parents Answer: b)
Under the Indian legal system, “no-fault divorce” is best exemplified by: a) Divorce on the grounds of cruelty b) Divorce on the ground of irretrievable breakdown of marriage c) Divorce on the ground of adultery d) Divorce based solely on mutual consent Answer: d)
In divorce cases, temporary orders regarding custody and maintenance are issued to: a) Finalize the divorce decree immediately b) Provide interim relief until a final settlement is reached c) Enforce immediate division of assets d) Establish permanent custody rights Answer: b)
Which judicial principle is often emphasized to reduce litigation time in matrimonial disputes? a) Proportionality b) Conciliation and mediation c) Adversarial resolution d) Strict adherence to statutory timelines Answer: b)
13. Rights of Women and Children in Family Law
Under family law jurisprudence, the “doctrine of parens patriae” is applied to protect: a) Spousal property rights b) The rights and welfare of children and vulnerable adults c) Marital privacy d) Religious freedoms Answer: b)
Which of the following best characterizes the approach of the Indian judiciary towards the rights of women in family law cases? a) A rigid interpretation of customary practices b) A progressive and purposive interpretation to ensure gender justice c) An exclusive focus on male property rights d) Prioritizing the interests of extended family Answer: b)
The legal provision for “maintenance” under Section 125 CrPC is primarily aimed at: a) Punishing the defaulter b) Preventing vagrancy and destitution c) Ensuring quick divorce settlements d) Facilitating asset division Answer: b)
The Supreme Court has observed that in awarding maintenance, the courts should avoid: a) Overly generous awards that may disincentivize self-reliance b) Minimal awards that do not meet the basic needs of the dependent c) Both a) and b) d) None of the above Answer: c)
Which of the following is considered a critical factor when determining child custody in terms of protecting the child’s rights? a) The child’s academic performance b) The stability of the home environment offered by the parent c) The parent’s employment status d) The extended family’s influence Answer: b)
14. Recent Developments and Case Law
Recent Supreme Court judgments in India regarding matrimonial disputes have emphasized: a) Strict application of traditional norms b) The need for a balanced and fair distribution of responsibilities c) Automatic awarding of custody to the mother d) The irrelevance of spousal misconduct Answer: b)
Which principle has been reinforced by recent case law in family disputes regarding asset division? a) Equal division regardless of contribution b) Equitable distribution considering both contribution and future needs c) Division solely on the basis of ownership before marriage d) Sole discretion to the petitioner Answer: b)
In the context of domestic violence, recent judicial pronouncements have highlighted that the victim’s testimony: a) Must be corroborated by independent witnesses b) Is of primary importance in establishing the abuse c) Is secondary to forensic evidence d) Is only considered in criminal cases Answer: b)
Recent amendments in family law statutes have generally aimed to: a) Strengthen patriarchal rights b) Enhance the rights and protection of women and children c) Limit judicial intervention in matrimonial disputes d) Standardize religious personal laws Answer: b)
Which of the following is a significant recent trend in family law disputes? a) Increased reliance on mediation and alternative dispute resolution b) A surge in contesting matrimonial property claims c) Strict adherence to traditional gender roles in court orders d) A decline in the recognition of mutual consent divorces Answer: a)
15. Comparative Aspects and International Perspectives
In comparative family law, the concept of “community property” is primarily associated with: a) Indian matrimonial law b) U.S. states like California c) British family law d) Muslim personal law Answer: b)
Which of the following best describes “separate property” in family law? a) Property acquired during the marriage b) Property acquired before the marriage or by inheritance/gift c) Jointly owned assets d) Assets held in trust Answer: b)
Under international family law norms, the principle of “best interest of the child” is universally recognized. This principle primarily focuses on: a) Ensuring the child’s cultural assimilation b) The child’s overall welfare, including emotional, educational, and health needs c) Parental consent d) Economic independence Answer: b)
Which international convention addresses the protection of children’s rights in family disputes? a) The Geneva Convention b) The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) c) The Vienna Convention d) The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction Answer: b)
Comparative family law studies often highlight that: a) Matrimonial property rights are identical in all jurisdictions b) There is wide variation in divorce laws and asset division among countries c) Only Western legal systems consider the best interests of the child d) International treaties have no impact on domestic family law Answer: b)
16. Special Topics and Emerging Issues
Which of the following issues has increasingly featured in family law due to social changes? a) Arranged marriages exclusively b) Same-sex marriage and domestic partnerships c) Sole focus on dowry issues d) Complete elimination of child custody disputes Answer: b)
The legal recognition of same-sex relationships in India has been: a) Uniformly accepted across all family law statutes b) A subject of evolving judicial interpretation and legislative debate c) Rejected by the Supreme Court d) Fully codified in a single statute Answer: b)
In the context of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), family law now grapples with issues relating to: a) Determining the parentage of a child born via surrogacy b) Granting automatic custody to the surrogate c) Prohibiting ART entirely d) Prioritizing traditional conception methods Answer: a)
Cyber issues in matrimonial disputes, such as online harassment, are addressed under: a) Traditional family law statutes only b) The Information Technology Act, 2000, in conjunction with domestic laws c) International cyber law exclusively d) Criminal law without any family law overlap Answer: b)
The evolving concept of “co-parenting” in divorce cases refers to: a) A scenario where one parent gives up all parental rights b) An arrangement where both parents continue to share parental responsibilities after separation c) Joint ownership of property only d) Mandatory mediation in all divorce cases Answer: b)
17. Procedural Aspects and Enforcement
Which of the following is a common procedural remedy in family law cases? a) Injunction b) Temporary custody orders c) Permanent asset division d) Criminal prosecution Answer: b)
The role of Family Courts in India is primarily to: a) Handle only criminal aspects of family disputes b) Provide a specialized forum for resolving matrimonial and related disputes c) Administer property tax issues d) Act as appellate courts for all civil matters Answer: b)
Enforcement of maintenance orders under Section 125 CrPC is typically: a) Left to the discretion of the parties involved b) Monitored by local law enforcement and subject to contempt proceedings if violated c) Not enforceable without a separate decree d) Automatically reviewed by the Supreme Court Answer: b)
Which of the following is an example of interim relief in family law proceedings? a) A final divorce decree b) A temporary restraining order or protection order c) A permanent custody award d) A final settlement of assets Answer: b)
Mediation in family law is generally encouraged because it: a) Is mandated by law in all cases b) Provides a faster and less adversarial resolution compared to litigation c) Guarantees a win for the petitioner d) Is free of cost in all courts Answer: b)
18. International Adoption and Cross-border Family Issues
In international adoption, which treaty primarily governs the process? a) The Hague Adoption Convention, 1993 b) The Geneva Convention c) The Vienna Convention d) The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Answer: a)
Cross-border child custody disputes are often resolved by: a) The domestic laws of the child’s country of residence only b) International treaties and the principle of comity among nations c) The laws of the parent’s country of origin exclusively d) Arbitration under commercial law Answer: b)
Which of the following is a challenge unique to international adoptions? a) Determining the financial capacity of adoptive parents b) Managing differing cultural and legal norms between countries c) Scheduling domestic hearings d) Enforcing maintenance orders Answer: b)
Under the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption, one of the key aims is to: a) Speed up the adoption process without background checks b) Ensure that intercountry adoptions are conducted in the best interests of the child c) Prioritize adoptions from developing countries only d) Eliminate the role of adoption agencies Answer: b)
A major legal issue in cross-border family disputes is: a) Uniform interpretation of matrimonial property rights b) Conflicts of laws between different jurisdictions c) Overlapping criminal jurisdictions d) Exclusion of children from the process Answer: b)
19. Miscellaneous and Conceptual Questions
Which term refers to the legal right of a person to claim a share in the estate of a deceased relative? a) Dower rights b) Succession rights c) Maintenance rights d) Custodial rights Answer: b)
The concept of “renunciation of inheritance” is primarily associated with: a) A will b) An intestate succession c) A legal declaration by an heir to refuse their share d) Custody proceedings Answer: c)
Which of the following best describes “testamentary freedom”? a) The freedom to dispose of one’s property only among family members b) The right to make a will and distribute property as one wishes, subject to statutory limitations c) The obligation to follow strict statutory rules in property distribution d) The requirement to share property equally among heirs Answer: b)
A “no-contest clause” in a will is intended to: a) Prevent challenges by disinheriting anyone who contests the will b) Ensure equal distribution of assets c) Avoid the need for probate d) Protect the testator’s property rights after death Answer: a)
Which legal principle helps prevent multiple litigations on the same matrimonial dispute? a) Res judicata b) Stare decisis c) Forum shopping d) Equity Answer: a)
20. Recent Reforms and Future Trends
Recent legal reforms in family law have primarily focused on: a) Reducing judicial intervention b) Promoting gender equality and protecting vulnerable family members c) Strengthening traditional practices d) Eliminating divorce as an option Answer: b)
In modern family law discourse, “psychological support orders” may be issued to: a) Mandate therapy or counseling for family members b) Replace financial maintenance orders c) Resolve property disputes d) Determine custody solely based on financial factors Answer: a)
Which emerging issue in family law is likely to require new legislation in the near future? a) The legal status of digital assets in matrimonial property b) The recognition of dowry practices c) The regulation of traditional arranged marriages d) The enforcement of legacy laws Answer: a)
The trend toward “gender-neutral” language in family law statutes aims to: a) Maintain traditional gender roles b) Remove gender bias and ensure equal protection for all spouses c) Favor the male spouse d) Limit the rights of women in divorce cases Answer: b)
A foreseeable future trend in family law jurisprudence is: a) A return to strictly customary laws b) Increased reliance on technology for evidence and case management c) The elimination of all forms of judicial review d) A complete separation of personal laws by religion Answer: b)
